Plant Health – international trade and controlled consignments, 2017-2021 – experimental statistics publication

These statistics current an evaluation of worldwide commerce in plant and plant commodities^{[footnote 1]} (together with reside crops, fruit, greens and cereals) – overlaying each the monetary worth and the bodily scale (mass) of this commerce. This launch additionally presents an evaluation of the notifications of managed commodities – i.e., the place checks are carried out to make sure that traded items meet required requirements. Data cowl the interval 2017 to 2021 (Forestry Commission information cowl 2017/18-2021/22). Geographical protection is specified initially of every part.

Key findings

• During the interval 2017-2021 the general worth of commerce in crops and plant commodities elevated whereas the general internet mass remained pretty steady. Such traits weren’t all the time linear because of the risky nature of the commerce, which may be affected by local weather occasions, pest and illness and different components.
• In 2021, imports accounted for 91.8% of all commerce worth and 86.7% of internet mass of commerce in crops and plant commodities.
• The worth of commerce in plant and plant commodities between the UK and the European Union elevated between 2017 and 2021, while internet mass decreased. The worth and internet mass of commerce with non-EU nations elevated over the time interval.
• In 2021, over 246,000 consignments of managed materials had been notified to the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI). This was a rise of over 100,000 consignments since 2020, pushed by the introduction of plant well being controls on excessive threat precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU.
• In 2021/22, over 4,500 consignments of managed materials had been notified to the Forestry Commission. The variety of consignments was increased (1,289) than in 2017/18 as was the related quantity of fabric(205,589m³).

Contents

Key findings

Introduction

Experimental statistics

Trade in plants and plant products

Controlled Commodities⁷

Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate

Forestry Commission

Glossary

Introduction

Plants are environmentally, economically, and socially essential, offering an important contribution to our meals and timber provide and to the agricultural economic system. Plants additionally carry out an important ecosystem service in shaping the panorama and supporting biodiversity and have been linked to improved well being and wellbeing^{[footnote 2]}.

The globalisation of commerce has facilitated a rise within the quantity and variety of crops and plant commodities which enter the UK. This commerce generates financial worth but in addition must be regulated (managed), noting the hyperlinks, together with different components, to elevated threat of pest and illness^{[footnote 3]}.

Hence plant well being laws^{[footnote 4]} controls the import and motion of sure crops, timber, seeds and natural matter – comparable to soil – and sure plant merchandise, together with fruit, potatoes, greens, minimize flowers, timber, foliage and grain.

The evaluation beneath explores each the general UK commerce in crops and plant commodities, and in addition the commerce in regulated plant well being and forestry commodities which informs the inspections undertaken by the Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) and the Forestry Commission (FC) to stop plant pests and illnesses from getting into England and Wales, and, for Forestry Commission, Scotland^{[footnote 5]}.

Please observe that the three datasets explored on this publication should not immediately comparable. There are key variations in how every dataset is compiled and these are outlined additional within the accompanying high quality and methodology report.

Experimental Statistics

This statistical launch is meant as a contribution to extend the broader understanding about commerce in these commodities and about plant well being. It is designed to supply stakeholders, inner and exterior to authorities, with info on the patterns of commerce over time for a particular set of commodities. The major purpose is to facilitate dialogue and assist resolution making round biosecurity.

The launch will not be meant for the aim of drawing inferences as to the effectiveness of plant well being and forestry inspectorates.

New statistical releases are categorised as experimental statistics with a view to safe suggestions from customers – for instance concerning the long-term want for the knowledge (the consumer worth) and the technical health for function (the standard). If you’ve got any feedback or suggestions on this launch – or about different wants for formal statistics in coverage areas of commerce and biosecurity – please contact

[email protected]

Guidance on Experimental Statistics

Impact of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and the impact of EU exit on commerce in crops and plant merchandise

It will not be presently attainable to establish what the influence of the coronavirus pandemic and EU exit has been on commerce in crops and crops merchandise. This is as a result of commerce in crops and plant merchandise is commonly risky, resulting from local weather and different components, and since each the coronavirus pandemic and EU exit are nonetheless having an affect.

The Office for National Statistics have revealed studies wanting on the impacts of EU exit and the coronavirus on UK commerce in items which supplies a excessive stage image of commerce all through 2020 and 2021: The impacts of EU exit and the coronavirus on UK trade in goods

For crops and plant product which require regulatory management the influence of EU exit, significantly imports from the EU to GB, can be ongoing because the UK phases in its checking regime: Imports of plants and plant products from the EU to GB

Trade in crops and plant merchandise

Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) compiles statistics on commodities bodily leaving and getting into the UK, traded with each European Union (EU) Member States and non-EU nations. Non-EU commerce is collected from customs declarations. Until 31 December 2020 EU commerce information was collected through Intrastat which covers VAT-registered companies whose annual worth of arrivals and/or dispatches exceeds a given exemption threshold^{[footnote 6]}

For items transferring from 1 January 2021, Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) to EU export statistics have been compiled immediately from customs export declarations made in accordance with the necessities of the Taxation (Cross Border Trade) Act. Intrastat survey returns, nevertheless, continued to be collected for items exported from Northern Ireland to the EU, beneath the phrases of the Northern Ireland Protocol. Both the GB to EU customs export declaration information and Northern Ireland (NI) Intrastat export (dispatch) information had been included into the general UK to EU export dataset. As a results of the adjustments and variations outlined above, there was a break within the timeseries for revealed UK to EU export statistics from January 2021.

UK imports from EU statistics weren’t impacted by any change in 2021 because the Intrastat survey continued to function for all UK (GB and NI) imports (arrivals) from the EU, to mitigate the results of staging customs controls, and to adjust to the Northern Ireland Protocol.

Throughout 2021, the introduction of non permanent Staged Customs Controls allowed GB importers of non-controlled EU items the chance to defer submission of the complete customs declaration for as much as 175 days after the motion of products. This had a decreasing impact on the variety of obtained customs declarations for EU imports in 2021, most notably within the first few months of the 12 months. It will not be attainable to tell apart which customs declarations are related to SCC and due to this fact take away or regulate the commerce statistics^{[footnote 7]}.

Although not collected for plant well being functions the HMRC information does enable us to look at the patterns of commerce for a sub-section of commodities, i.e., uncooked and easily processed crops and plant commodities, and to group these into classes. The classes coated on this launch are:

• Plants and planting materials. This class consists of bulbs, crops for planting, forest tree seed and minimize flowers.
• Food and crops. This class consists of fruit, greens, cereals, nuts, herbs and spices.
• Forestry: This class consists of timber (unprocessed or just processed: sliced, planed or chipped), packing instances, casks and barrels.

Ten extra codes have been included within the 2020 revised and 2021 provisional information to mirror adjustments in plant well being laws, these codes are: 07142010, 07142090, 07143000, 07144000, 07145000, 07149020, 07149090, 09021000, 09022000 and 14049000. Commodity code 25309000 has been eliminated. More info is offered within the accompanying dataset and the Quality and Methodology report.

The UK leaving the EU and the next transition interval, together with the influence of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, provide chain disruption and international recession, have precipitated increased ranges of volatility in commerce statistics prior to now two years. Comparing 2022 with equal 2017 information supplies comparisons of latest UK commerce estimates with the newest “steady” interval.

Table 1: Value of commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021, £ million

Sector	2017	2018	2019	2020(R)	2021(P,B)	Value change 2017 to 2021	Percentage change 2017 to 2021
Imports
Plants and planting materials	1,045	1,003	1,005	1,012	1,166	121	11.5
Food and crops	9,857	9,742	9,987	10,572	10,194	336	3.4
Forestry	1,933	2,070	1,986	1,945	3,142	1,209	62.5
Total	12,835	12,815	12,979	13,529	14,501	1,666	13.0
Exports
Plants and planting materials	119	123	119	96	72	-47	-39.3
Food and crops	1,112	1,065	1,342	1,272	869	-243	-21.9
Forestry	170	186	189	175	348	177	104.0
Total	1,401	1,374	1,651	1,543	1,289	-113	-8.0
All commerce
Plants and planting materials	1,164	1,126	1,124	1,108	1,238	74	6.4
Food and crops	10,970	10,806	11,330	11,844	11,063	93	0.8
Forestry	2,103	2,256	2,176	2,120	3,490	1,386	65.9
Total	14,237	14,188	14,629	15,072	15,790	1,533	10.9

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. (R) signifies revised information.
3. (P) signifies provisional information.
4. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence for exports.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 1 exhibits the overall worth of commerce in crops and plant commodities, by sector, between 2017 and 2021.

• The whole worth of commerce in crops and plant commodities has proven a broad upward development over the time interval 2017 to 2021. Forestry was the one sector the place the worth of each imports and exports elevated.

• Whilst all sectors skilled a rise within the worth of imports between 2017 and 2021, forestry was the one sector to see a rise within the worth of exports, which greater than doubled from £170m in 2017 to £348m in 2021.

• The decreases within the worth of exports of crops and planting materials and of meals and crops had been offset by the corresponding will increase within the worth of imports for these sectors.

Table 2: Net mass of commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021, ‘000 tonnes

Sector	2017	2018	2019	2020(R)	2021(P,B)	Value change 2017 to 2021	Percentage change 2017 to 2021
Imports
Plants and planting materials	388	358	361	310	356	-32	-8.2
Food and crops	12,939	13,077	12,729	13,974	13,159	220	1.7
Forestry	4,321	4,521	4,669	4,642	5,112	791	18.3
Total	17,647	17,955	17,759	18,926	18,627	980	5.6
Exports
Plants and planting materials	55	48	50	34	25	-30	-55.3
Food and crops	3,031	2,487	4,095	3,426	1,960	-1,070	-35.3
Forestry	809	761	684	484	873	64	7.9
Total	3,895	3,296	4,828	3,944	2,858	-1,037	-26.6
All commerce
Plants and planting materials	443	406	411	344	381	-62	-14.1
Food and crops	15,970	15,564	16,824	17,400	15,119	-850	-5.3
Forestry	5,130	5,281	5,353	5,126	5,985	855	16.7
Total	21,542	21,251	22,587	22,869	21,485	-57	-0.3

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. (R) signifies revised information.
3. (P) signifies provisional information.
4. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence for exports.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 2 exhibits the overall internet mass of commerce in crops and plant commodities, by sector, between 2017 and 2021.

• The whole internet mass of commerce in crops and plant commodities remained pretty steady between 2017 and 2021 nevertheless the general determine masks decreases within the whole internet mass of crops and planting materials in addition to meals and crops.

• As with the worth of commerce, forestry was the one sector to see an total enhance in internet mass with import internet mass growing by 18.3% and export internet mass growing by 7.9% over the interval 2017 to 2021. In 2021, the web mass of forestry exports and imports had been on the highest ranges of the time interval.

• The internet mass of exports of crops and planting materials greater than halved over the time interval, from 55 thousand tonnes in 2017 to 25 thousand tonnes in 2021. This sector was the one one to expertise a lower within the internet mass of imports (-8.2%).

Figure 1: Changes in worldwide commerce of crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. Data for 2021 are provisional.
3. The assortment of EU export information was totally different in 2017 and 2021.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 3: Value of UK-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021, £ million

Sector	2017	2018	2019	2020(R)	2021(P,B)	Value change 2017 to 2021	Percentage change 2017 to 2021
EU Imports
Plants and planting materials	858	811	819	849	885	27	3.2
Food and crops	4,679	4,670	4,796	5,107	4,453	-226	-4.8
Forestry	1,480	1,628	1,551	1,546	2,575	1,095	74.0
Total	7,016	7,108	7,166	7,503	7,913	896	12.8
EU Exports
Plants and planting materials	92	96	89	77	54	-39	-41.9
Food and crops	914	888	1,097	994	666	-248	-27.1
Forestry	132	147	145	140	310	178	135.3
Total	1,138	1,132	1,331	1,212	1,030	-108	-9.5
All EU commerce
Plants and planting materials	950	907	908	926	939	-12	-1.2
Food and crops	5,593	5,558	5,893	6,101	5,119	-474	-8.5
Forestry	1,611	1,775	1,697	1,687	2,885	1,274	79.1
Total	8,154	8,240	8,497	8,714	8,943	788	9.7

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. (R) signifies revised information.
3. (P) signifies provisional information.
4. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence for exports.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 3 exhibits the worth of commodities which are imported into the UK from the EU and commodities which are exported from the UK to the EU, by sector.

• The whole worth of commerce in crops and plant commodities between the UK and the EU elevated by 9.7% between 2017 and 2021 with year-on-year will increase over the time interval.

• The worth of forestry imports from the EU elevated from £1,480m to £2,575m (74.0%) between 2017 and 2021 while the worth of forestry exports to the EU greater than doubled from £132m in 2017 to £310m in 2021.

• The worth of exports of crops and planting materials to the EU confirmed a basic lower, reaching a low of £54m in 2021, while imports elevated barely, reaching the very best stage of the time interval in 2021 (£885m).

• There had been decreases in each the import and export worth of EU commerce in meals and crops over the time interval, nevertheless the proportion lower for imports (-4.8%) was a lot decrease than for exports (-27.1%).

Table 4: Net mass of UK-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021, ‘000 tonnes

Sector	2017	2018	2019	2020(R)	2021(P,B)	Value change 2017 to 2021	Percentage change 2017 to 2021
EU Imports
Plants and planting materials	326	293	308	266	287	-39	-12.1
Food and crops	6,338	6,376	5,609	6,472	5,887	-451	-7.1
Forestry	3,803	3,988	4,138	4,060	4,411	608	16.0
Total	10,467	10,657	10,055	10,798	10,585	118	1.1
EU Exports
Plants and planting materials	32	41	42	30	21	-11	-33.6
Food and crops	2,646	2,164	3,437	2,584	1,631	-1,015	-38.4
Forestry	723	678	594	436	808	85	11.8
Total	3,401	2,883	4,073	3,050	2,460	-941	-27.7
All EU commerce
Plants and planting materials	358	334	350	296	308	-50	-14.0
Food and crops	8,984	8,540	9,046	9,056	7,518	-1,466	-16.3
Forestry	4,526	4,666	4,732	4,496	5,219	693	15.3
Total	13,868	13,540	14,128	13,848	13,045	-823	-5.9

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. (R) signifies revised information.
3. (P) signifies provisional information.
4. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence for exports.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 4 exhibits commodities which are imported into the UK from the EU and commodities which are exported from the UK to the EU, by sector.

• Overall, the web mass of commerce in crops and plant commodities between the UK and the EU decreased from 13,868 thousand tonnes in 2017 to 13,045 thousand tonnes in 2021. Whilst the general quantity of internet mass for imports remained pretty steady, exports decreased by 27.7%.

• At the sector stage, commerce with the EU in crops and plant commodities broadly adopted the sample seen for worth. The exception to this was the web mass of imports of crops and planting materials from the EU which decreased by 12.1% regardless of a small enhance in worth.

• As with worth (desk 3), the web mass of commerce with the EU in forestry commodities elevated for each imports and exports nevertheless these will increase had been proportionally smaller than for worth at 16.0% for import mass (74.0% for import worth) and 11.8% for export mass (135.3% for export worth).

Charts 1a and 1b: Distribution of UK-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021

1.a. Value

1.b. Net Mass

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. Data for 2021 are provisional.
3. The assortment of export information was totally different in 2017 and 2021.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

• Imports accounted for between 70% and 94% of UK-EU commerce when it comes to each worth and internet mass through the interval 2017 to 2021.

• The proportion of EU commerce worth that was imports was highest for crops and planting materials, growing from 90.3% in 2017 to 94.3% in 2021. The corresponding import internet mass for this sector additionally elevated, from 91.0% in 2017 to 93.1% in 2021.

• The proportion of EU commerce worth that was imports was lowest for meals and crops at 87.0% in 2021 nevertheless this was a rise from 83.7% in 2017. The proportion of internet mass that was imports for this sector elevated from 70.5% in 2017 to 78.3% in 2021.

Table 5: Value of UK-non-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021, £ million

Sector	2017	2018	2019	2020(R)	2021(P)	Value change 2017 to 2021	Percentage change 2017 to 2021
Non-EU Imports
Plants and planting materials	187	193	186	163	281	94	50.0
Food and crops	5,178	5,072	5,191	5,465	5,741	563	10.9
Forestry	453	442	435	399	567	114	25.1
Total	5,819	5,706	5,812	6,027	6,589	770	13.2
Non-EU Exports
Plants and planting materials	26	27	30	19	18	-8	-30.3
Food and crops	199	176	246	277	203	4	2.1
Forestry	39	39	44	35	37	-1	-3.1
Total	263	241	320	331	258	-5	-1.9
All non-EU commerce
Plants and planting materials	213	219	216	182	299	86	40.1
Food and crops	5,377	5,248	5,437	5,743	5,994	567	10.5
Forestry	492	481	479	434	604	112	22.9
Total	6,082	5,948	6,132	6,358	6,847	765	12.6

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. (R) signifies revised information.
3. (P) signifies provisional information.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 5 exhibits the worth of commodities which are imported into the UK from nations outdoors of the EU and commodities which are exported from the UK to those non-EU nations, by sector.

• The whole worth of non-EU commerce elevated between 2017 and 2021 (12.6%) nevertheless exports decreased barely over the time interval (-1.9%) and significantly between 2020 and 2021 (-21.9%).

• Between 2017 and 2021 the worth of non-EU imports of crops and planting materials elevated by 50.0% while the export worth decreased by 30.3%. In distinction, the worth of non-EU exports of each meals and crops and forestry in 2021 modified by lower than 4% in comparison with 2017.

• Between 2020 and 2021 the most important enhance within the worth of non-EU imports was crops and planting materials (72.4%) and the most important lower in non-EU exports was meals and crops (-26.9%) exhibiting elevated volatility on this time interval.

Table 6: Net mass of non-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021, ‘000 tonnes

Sector	2017	2018	2019	2020(R)	2021(P)	Value change 2017 to 2021	Percentage change 2017 to 2021
Non-EU Imports
Plants and planting materials	62	65	53	44	69	8	12.2
Food and crops	6,601	6,700	7,120	7,501	7,272	672	10.2
Forestry	517	532	531	582	701	183	35.4
Total	7,180	7,298	7,703	8,128	8,042	862	12.0
Non-EU Exports
Plants and planting materials	23	7	8	3	3	-20	-86.0
Food and crops	385	323	658	842	329	-55	-14.4
Forestry	86	83	89	49	65	-21	-24.6
Total	494	413	755	894	397	-96	-19.5
All non-EU commerce
Plants and planting materials	85	72	61	47	72	-12	-14.3
Food and crops	6,986	7,024	7,778	8,343	7,602	616	8.8
Forestry	604	615	620	631	766	162	26.8
Total	7,674	7,711	8,459	9,021	8,440	766	10.0

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. (R) signifies revised information.
3. (P) signifies provisional information.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Table 6 exhibits the web mass of commodities which are imported into the UK from nations outdoors of the EU and commodities which are exported from the UK to those non-EU nations, by sector.

• Overall, the web mass of the non-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities elevated from 7,674 thousand tonnes in 2017 to eight,440 thousand tonnes in 2021 (10.0%). At the sector stage all sectors noticed a rise within the internet mass of imports over the time interval and all noticed a lower within the internet mass of exports between 2017 and 2021.

• The internet mass of non-EU exports of crops and planting materials skilled the most important proportion change with a lower of 86.0% over the time interval, nevertheless there was no lower in internet mass between 2020 and 2021.

• The internet mass of non-EU imports of forestry commodities elevated by 35.4% over the time interval, with a 20.4% rise between 2020 and 2021. For exports, a lower of 24.6% total contrasted with a rise of 33.5% between 2020 and 2021.

• Between 2020 and 2021 the most important enhance within the internet mass of non-EU imports was crops and planting materials (56.4%) and the most important lower in non-EU exports was meals and crops (-60.9%) exhibiting elevated volatility on this time interval and reflecting the sample seen with worth (desk 5).

Chart 2a and 2b: Distribution of UK-non-EU commerce in crops and plant commodities, 2017 to 2021

2.a. Value

2.b. Net Mass

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. Data for 2021 are provisional.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

• Imports accounted for almost all of commerce between the UK and nations outdoors of the EU when it comes to each worth and internet mass.

• Imports accounted for between 87% and 97% of all non-EU commerce worth in every sector in 2017. In 2020 imports as a proportion of the commerce worth in a sector had elevated for all sectors with crops and planting materials seeing the most important enhance at 6.2 proportion factors and meals and crops seeing the smallest at 0.3 proportion factors.

• For internet mass the proportion of non-EU commerce that was imports elevated by 22.6 proportion factors between 2017 and 2021 for crops and planting materials with different sectors seeing a lot smaller will increase of 5.8 proportion factors for forestry and 1.2 proportion factors for meals and crops.

Figure 2: Changes in commerce of crops and plant commodities between 2016 and 2020, by broad area of commerce

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. Data for 2021 are provisional.
3. The assortment of EU export information was totally different in 2017 and 2021.

Source: Overseas Trade Data, HMRC

Controlled Commodities

The Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) implements and enforces plant well being coverage in England and in Wales (on behalf of the Welsh Government). The Forestry Commission (FC) implements and enforces plant well being coverage in England and Scotland, and in Wales through Natural Resources Wales (NRW).

PHSI and FC perform inspections of managed plant supplies, together with crops for planting. The controls of such supplies differ in accordance with the species – and what quarantine organisms they might carry – however could embrace phytosanitary certificates, plant passports and/or bodily inspection. More detailed info overlaying the actions of the inspection providers is out there within the annual Multi Annual National Control Plan studies^{[footnote 8]}.

Under EU laws crops, fruit, greens, and plant materials from outdoors the EU fall into 3 classes: ‘unrestricted’, ‘managed’, and ‘prohibited’ materials. Plant passports facilitate the motion of managed commodities throughout the EU space while inspections of related companies are carried out ‘in discipline’, usually between 2 and 4 occasions per 12 months. Commodities imported from outdoors of the EU space should be declared on entry to the EU and might then transfer freely throughout the EU space. In December 2019 the EU launched new laws pertaining to crops and plant merchandise. Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 and its Annexes changed the Annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC . Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 covers extra crops and plant commodities than the earlier laws^{[footnote 9]}.

Now that the UK has left the EU new laws is in place^{[footnote 10]} and, following the tip of the transition interval (31 December 2020), there are new processes for importing crops and plant merchandise, together with wooden and wooden merchandise, from the EU. These are detailed within the Guidance on importing and exporting plants and plant products from 1 January 2021

Under the brand new UK laws crops, fruit, greens, minimize flowers, soil and different regulated objects (for instance, equipment) fall into 5 classes of phytosanitary management:

• ‘prohibited’ materials you’ll be able to solely convey into Great Britain if a scientific analysis license or derogation is obtained;
• ‘prohibited (pending threat evaluation)’ materials you’ll be able to solely convey into Great Britain if threat assessed by Defra (exclusions apply);
• ‘regulated and notifiable’ materials you’ll be able to solely convey into Great Britain if accompanied by a phytosanitary certificates and superior notification of touchdown;
• ‘regulated’ materials you’ll be able to solely convey into Great Britain if accompanied by a phytosanitary certificates. After candidates full a customs entry, a small variety of these consignments might have superior notification on CHIEF (Customs Handling of Import and Export Freight).g;-
• ‘unregulated’ materials you’ll be able to convey into Great Britain with out a phytosanitary certificates or superior notification.

A small variety of commodities have been deregulated and now not require a phytosanitary certificates^{[footnote 11]}

Great Britain (England, Scotland, and Wales) has adopted a phased strategy to plant well being controls for crops and plant merchandise imported from the European Union (EU). This phased strategy began in January 2021 and is proposed to be accomplished by the tip of 2023^{[footnote 12]}.

The analyses beneath focuses on consignments of commodities classed as managed and originating outdoors the EU and arriving at factors of entry in Great Britain (England and Wales for PHSI, England, Wales and Scotland for FC). These consignments are topic to inspection actions starting from doc checks to bodily inspections. The stage of checks required for several types of commodities varies however the highest threat commodities are topic to full checks (100 per cent). In addition, emergency measures ^{[footnote 13]} may be launched which can prohibit commerce resulting from adjustments in import necessities.

Controlled commodities are a subset of the commerce evaluation proven above (which additionally consists of unrestricted commodities), nevertheless information should not akin to that offered by HMRC resulting from variations in measurement models, geographies and function. More info may be discovered within the accompanying high quality and methodology report.

Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate

The Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate (PHSI) is a part of the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) and implements and enforces plant well being coverage in England, and in Wales on behalf of the Welsh Government. PHSI perform inspections of crops, seeds, bulbs, minimize flowers, planting supplies, vegatables and fruits. They additionally examine agricultural equipment for export nevertheless exports should not coated on this evaluation.

It is essential to notice that adjustments within the variety of consignments could also be influenced by adjustments in commerce patterns in addition to by legislative adjustments. Factors which might contribute to adjustments in commerce patterns embrace local weather occasions, adjustments in market demand, social unrest or change, pest outbreaks and many others. Controls could also be utilized to any variety of nations the place there’s a pest threat however moreover nations could apply self-prohibition if they’re conscious of a pest problem of their nation. Where self-prohibition is utilized there aren’t any formal reporting routes and sometimes info can’t be confirmed.

Some key bans thought to have affected imports to the UK had been:

• Ghana: Capsicum L., Lagenaria Ser., Luffa Mill., Momordica L. and Solanum L., aside from S. lycopersicum L. had been banned from 13/10/2017 till 31/12/2017.
• Trade in contemporary curry leaves was stopped from 26/04/2014 resulting from nations outdoors of the EU being unable to satisfy EU necessities. Israel now fulfils the mandatory necessities.

New controls being launched can also influence commerce patterns. For instance:
– Decision 2014/78 required all imports of Capsicum to turn out to be regulated as from 1st Oct 2014. The resolution additionally included the appliance of controls on another commodities.
– EU Directive 2017/1279 required tomatoes originating from all third nations (outdoors the EU however together with Canary Islands, Ceuta, Melilla and the French Overseas Departments) and pomegranates originating from nations of the African continent, Cape Verde, Saint Helena, Madagascar, La Reunion, Mauritius and Israel to be imported with a phytosanitary certificates.
– Decision 2019/523 added controls on fruits of Kiwi, Papaya, Strawberry, Avocado, Rubus, Grapes and used agricultural equipment
– Decision 2019/1598 added controls on maize.
– Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072 applied on 14 December 2019 as a part of Smarter Rules for Safer Food bundle which elevated the scope of regulated materials to incorporate all residing plant materials aside from Fruits of Ananas comosus, Cocos nucifera, Durio zibethinus, Musa and Phoenix dactylifera.
– Following the departure from the EU, the Plant Health (Phytosanitary Conditions) (Amendment) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 applied on 1 January 2021 amended 2019/2072 growing the vary of exempt materials to incorporate fruits of Actinidia, Fortunella, Poncirus, Diospyros, Gossypium, Mangifera, Passiflora, Psidium and fruit and leaves of Citrus and Leaves of Murraya.
– There has been self-imposed bans from Thailand, Bangladesh and Vietnam. These may be very restricted (for instance to 1 exporter ) or extra basic.

Table 7: Number of managed consignments, by commodity sort, England and Wales, 2017 to 2021

Year	Plants and planting materials	Fruit	Vegetables	Other commodities	Total
2017	27,534	47,919	24,550	2,196	102,199
2018	27,948	55,280	23,478	2,474	109,180
2019	25,777	60,204	23,581	3,078	112,640
2020(B)	22,043	79,286	41,651	3,131	146,111
2021(B)	124,946	66,095	51,865	3,496	246,402
Value change 2017-2021	97,412	18,176	27,315	1,300	144,203
Percentage change 2017-2021	353.8	37.9	111.3	59.2	141.1

Notes:

1. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence
2. Data are calendar 12 months.
3. See glossary for info on commodity varieties.
4. EU plant well being regulation and official controls regulation had been applied within the EU and the UK on 14th December 2019.
5. Following the UKs exit from the EU, GB particular laws has been launched and there was a phasing in of plant well being controls. From January 2021 all regulated and notifiable excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU have been topic to plant well being controls. Additionally, some commodities have been deregulated.
6. Source: Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate.

Table 7 exhibits the variety of managed consignments notified to PHSI, by commodity sort. From 1 January 2021 imports of excessive precedence managed materials from Europe have needed to be notified. This, together with different adjustments in laws over the previous three years, implies that information should not comparable throughout the time interval.

• The majority of the rise in notified consignments has adopted key legislative adjustments; in 2020 following the implementation of recent EU plant well being laws and in 2021 following the tip of the transition interval of the UK exiting the EU.

• Since 1 January 2021 excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU have needed to be notified to the PHSI. The influence of this may be seen within the enhance of managed consignments within the crops and planting materials class the place notifications are over 5 occasions increased in 2021 than in 2020.

• After peaking at 79,286 managed consignments in 2020, the variety of managed consignments of fruit decreased to 66,095 in 2021. Fruit was the one class the place this lower was seen. It is feasible that this lower was pushed by the deregulation of quite a lot of fruits nevertheless different components comparable to COVID restrictions, points within the provide chain or low yields may be current.

Chart 3: Controlled consignments by commodity sort, England and Wales, 2017 to 2021

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. See glossary for info on commodity varieties.
3. Source: Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate.

• During the early years of the time interval, crops and planting materials accounted for between 22% and 27% of all notified commodities. This decreased to fifteen% in 2020 earlier than growing to 51% in 2021 following the introduction of GB laws and the phasing in of controls which meant crops and planting materials imported from the EU wanted to be notified.

• In distinction, notified consignments of fruit, which was the most important group of commodities all through the time interval decreased to 27% in 2021. Several fruits had been deregulated with the introduction of GB laws.

Table 8: Number of managed consignments, by area of origin, England and Wales, 2017 to 2021

Year	Africa	Americas	Asia	Europe (non-EU)	Oceania	Other	Total
2017	54,998	21,354	23,361	121	2,365	–	102,199
2018	59,315	22,980	23,520	1,076	2,289	–	109,180
2019	60,099	26,241	22,990	1,279	2,031	–	112,640
2020(B)	77,825	35,592	32,581	1,186	1,927	–	146,111
2021(B)	88,423	29,453	36,910	90,133	1,473	10	246,402
Value change 2017-2021	33,425	8,099	13,549	90,012	-892	10	144,203
Percentage change 2017-2021	60.8	37.9	58.0	74,390.1	-37.7	–	141.1

Notes:

1. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence
2. Data are calendar 12 months.
3. Table makes use of UNSD geographies
4. EU plant well being regulation and official controls regulation had been applied within the EU and the UK on 14th December 2019.
5. Following the UKs exit from the EU, GB particular laws has been launched and there was a phasing in of plant well being controls. From January 2021 all regulated and notifiable excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU have been topic to plant well being controls. Additionally, some commodities have been deregulated.
6. Source: Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate.

Table 8 exhibits the variety of managed consignments notified to PHSI, by area of origin. From 1 January 2021 imports of excessive precedence managed materials from Europe have needed to be notified so the newest information will not be immediately akin to earlier years.

• The whole variety of managed consignments elevated from 146,111 in 2020 to 246,402 in 2021. The majority of this enhance (round 89,000 consignments) may be attributed to the requirement for EU nations to inform GB of imports of excessive precedence crops and plant commodities.
• Between 2020 and 2021 managed consignments originating within the Americas and Oceania decreased. Additionally, Oceania was the one area to point out a lower in managed consignments over the time interval 2017 to 2021.
• Controlled consignments from Africa and Asia elevated to their highest ranges of the time interval in 2021 nevertheless the rise between 2020 and 2021 was decrease than between 2019 and 2020 when the EU plant well being regulation and official controls had been applied.

Chart 4: Controlled consignments by area of origin, England and Wales, 2017 to 2021

Notes:

1. Data are calendar 12 months.
2. Chart makes use of UNSD geographies
3. Source: Plant Health and Seeds Inspectorate.

• Controlled consignments originating in Africa represented over half of all managed consignments in every year proven till 2021 when the requirement to inform excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise from the EU was applied.
• Although the requirement to inform low precedence crops and plant merchandise from the EU has not but been applied, managed consignments originating within the Europe accounted for over one third of all notified consignments in 2021, across the similar proportion as managed consignments from Africa.

Forestry Commission

The Forestry Commission (FC) are chargeable for inspections of timber, together with sawn timber, wooden shavings, wooden chips, sawdust, managed firewood^{[footnote 14]} and prefabricated buildings manufactured from wooden being imported to England, Scotland and Wales. The Forestry Commission are additionally chargeable for inspections of wooden packaging^{[footnote 15]} nevertheless this commerce will not be coated on this launch.

Controlled forestry commodities are required to bear full checks (100 per cent) thus the variety of consignments can also be the variety of inspections.

It is essential to notice that adjustments within the variety of consignments could also be influenced by adjustments in commerce patterns in addition to by legislative adjustments. Factors which might contribute to adjustments in commerce patterns embrace local weather occasions, adjustments in market demand, social unrest or change, pest outbreaks and many others. Controls could also be utilized to any variety of nations the place there’s a pest threat however moreover nations could apply self-prohibition if they’re conscious of a pest problem of their nation.

The battle in Ukraine is having a serious influence on bulk imports of sawn conifer timber from Russia. In the previous couple of months of the 2021/22 monetary 12 months these imports have been changed uncontrolled imports from the EU. This influence is ongoing.

An extra group of commodities are included within the information overlaying 2021/22. These are wooden shavings, wooden chips, sawdust and ‘different’ (primarily oak barrel imports) and the measurement unit is kilograms moderately than cubic metres. These information haven’t been included within the charts beneath however are included within the tables.

Chart 5a and 5b: Controlled consignments by timber sort, 2017/18-2021/22

5a Number of consignments

Please observe that chart 5b solely incorporates volumes of commodities recorded in cubic metres. In 2021/22, import information additionally contained entries of recent commodities that are recorded in kilograms. These new commodities’ lots are included within the tables beneath however not in charts as just one information level is out there.

5b. Volume of fabric

Notes:

1. Data are monetary 12 months.
2. See glossary for info on commodity varieties.
3. Source: Forestry Commission.

• The variety of managed consignments of hardwood fluctuated over the time interval. The enhance seen between 2020/21 and 2021/22 was pushed by the brand new requirement for EU nations to inform imports of regulated commodities and by the restoration of hardwood imports from outdoors the EU which had fallen to their lowest worth of the time interval in 2020/21.
• The variety of managed consignments of softwood additionally elevated over the time interval with the sharpest enhance seen between 2020/21 and 2021/22. Like hardwood imports, this enhance was pushed by the brand new requirement for EU nations to inform imports of regulated commodities and by the restoration of softwood imports from some nations outdoors of the EU. When there are points with provide, merchants could search to import unregulated softwood to satisfy market demand.
• Despite the rise in consignments, the amount of fabric (m³) related to hardwood consignments decreased over the time interval. This decreased was not offset by the elevated reporting necessities affecting EU nations.

Table 9: Controlled consignments of softwood, by area of origin, England, Scotland and Wales, 2017/18 to 2021/22

	2017/18	2018/19	2019/20(B)	2020/21(B)	2021/22	Value change 2017/18-2021/22	Percentage change 2017/18-2021/22
Number of consignments
Africa	0	4	8	4	7	7	z
Asia	15	13	17	13	4	-11	-73.3
Oceania	21	49	63	27	27	6	28.6
Central and South America	32	41	41	28	39	7	21.9
North America	1,108	1,036	860	815	1,043	-65	-5.9
Europe	367	592	503	542	1,411	1,044	284.5
Total	1,543	1,735	1,492	1,429	2,531	988	64.0
Volume of notified product (m3)
Africa	0	200	400	159	341	341	z
Asia	532	392	1,128	986	241	-291	-54.7
Oceania	876	2,629	2,997	1,266	1,156	280	32.0
Central and South America	2,574	4,162	3,472	2,634	3,216	642	24.9
North America	58,041	53,315	56,189	42,484	64,637	6,596	11.4
Europe	257,789	326,675	262,494	351,125	470,899	213,110	82.7
Total	319,812	387,373	326,680	398,654	540,490	220,678	69.0
Mass of notified product (kg)
Europe/Africa/North America	x	x	x	x	1,622,732	z	z
Total	x	x	x	x	1,622,732	z	z

Notes:

1. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence
2. x signifies information should not accessible.
3. z signifies information should not relevant.
4. Data are monetary 12 months.
5. Table makes use of UNSD geographies
6. EU plant well being regulation and official controls regulation had been applied within the EU and the UK on 14th December 2019.
7. Following the UKs exit from the EU, GB particular laws has been launched and there was a phasing in of plant well being controls. From January 2021 all regulated and notifiable excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU have been topic to plant well being controls. Additionally, some commodities have been deregulated.
8. Source: Forestry Commission.

Table 9 exhibits the variety of managed consignments of softwood and the related quantity of fabric notified to FC, by area of origin. From 1 January 2021 imports of excessive precedence managed materials from Europe have needed to be notified so the newest information will not be immediately akin to earlier years.

• The requirement for EU nations to inform Forestry Commission of timber imports is mirrored within the enhance within the quantity and quantity of softwood consignments from Europe in 2021/22. Prior to 2021/22 North America had the best variety of notified consignments every year.
• In 2021/22 the variety of consignments from Europe was greater than double than in 2020/21 while the amount of fabric elevated to a lesser diploma, a 3rd increased than in 2020/21. These extra imports had been principally conifer kindling which is imported in smaller consignments.
• The variety of softwood consignments imported from Asia (-73.3%) and from North America (-5.9%) decreased over the time interval however solely Asia had a corresponding drop within the quantity of fabric imported (-54.7%). The quantity of imported materials from North America elevated by 11.4% suggesting a smaller variety of bigger consignments.

Chart 6a and 6b: Softwood consignments and quantity, by area of origin, 2017/18 to 2021/22

6a Number of consignments

Please observe that chart 6b solely incorporates volumes of commodities recorded in cubic metres. In 2021/22 import information additionally contained entries of recent commodities that are recorded in kilograms. These new commodities’ lots are included within the tables beneath however not in charts as just one information level is out there

6b. Volume of fabric

Notes:

1. Data are monetary 12 months.
2. Charts use UNSD geographies
3. Source: Forestry Commission.

• Prior to 2021/22 over half of all softwood consignments arrived from North America (57% to 72%) nevertheless in 2021/22 the best proportion of consignments arrived from Europe (55.7%). Throughout the time interval the amount of softwood materials imported from Europe was persistently increased than for North America.
• Following the introduction of GB plant well being laws and the requirement for EU nations to inform FC of regulated commodities, the proportion of softwood materials imported from Europe elevated to 87.1% in 2021/22. The proportion of consignments imported from Europe elevated from 23.8% to 55.7% over the time interval.
• The proportion of all managed softwood consignments that originated in North America decreased by 30.6 proportion factors between 2017/18 and 2021/22 while the amount of softwood materials decreased by 6.2 proportion factors.

Table 10: Controlled consignments of hardwood, by area of origin, England, Scotland and Wales, 2017/18 to 2021/22

	2017/18	2018/19	2019/20(B)	2020/21(B)	2021/22	Value change 2017/18-2021/22	Percentage change 2017/18-2021/22
Number of consignments
North America	1,737	2,164	1,734	1,411	1,822	85	4.9
Europe/Asia	c	11	20	9	216	z	z
Total	1,737	2,175	1,754	1,420	2,038	301	17.3
Volume of notified product (m3)
North America	83,472	189,544	84,980	83,113	58,670	-24,802	-29.7
Europe/Asia	c	793	1,253	443	9,713	z	z
Total	83,472	190,337	86,233	83,556	68,383	-15,089	-18.1
Mass of notified product (kg)
Europe/Africa/North America	x	x	x	x	30,973	z	z
Total	x	x	x	x	30,973	z	z

Notes:

1. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence
2. x signifies information should not accessible.
3. z signifies information should not relevant.
4. Data are monetary 12 months.
5. Table makes use of UNSD geographies
6. EU plant well being regulation and official controls regulation had been applied within the EU and the UK on 14th December 2019.
7. Following the UKs exit from the EU, GB particular laws has been launched and there was a phasing in of plant well being controls. From January 2021 all regulated and notifiable excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU have been topic to plant well being controls. Additionally, some commodities have been deregulated.
8. Source: Forestry Commission.

Table 10 exhibits the variety of managed consignments of hardwood and the amount of fabric, notified to FC, by area of origin. From 1 January 2021 imports of excessive precedence managed materials from Europe have needed to be notified so the newest information will not be immediately akin to earlier years.

• The whole variety of hardwood consignments elevated from 1,737 to 2,038 (17.3%) between 2017/18 and 2021/22 nevertheless the amount of managed hardwood decreased from 83,472m³ to 68,383m³ (-18.1%). Most of the rise in consignments was following the requirement for EU nations to inform imports as usually EU consignments are smaller than consignments from outdoors the EU.
• The variety of hardwood consignments imported from North America elevated (4.9%) nevertheless the related quantity of fabric decreased (-29.7%).
• There was a noticeable lower within the quantity of hardwood materials imported from Europe in 2020/21 in comparison with 2019/20 and 2021/22. However, following the implementation of the requirement for EU nations to inform imports figures for Europe/Asia had been far increased than in earlier years, significantly for quantity.

Table 11: Controlled consignments of oak and ash timber, England, Scotland and Wales, 2017/18 to 2021/22

	2017/18	2018/19	2019/20	2020/21(B)	2021/22(B)	Value change 2017/18-2021/22	Percentage change 2017/18-2021/22
Number of consignments
Ash	285	335	240	131	302	17	6.0
Oak	1,330	1,562	1,227	1,003	1,246	-84	-6.3
Total	1,615	1,897	1,467	1,134	1,548	-67	-4.1
Volume of notified product (m3)
Ash	10,537	11,531	22,128	4,589	12,405	1,868	17.7
Oak	41,524	140,852	38,330	68,310	38,087	-3,437	-8.3
Total	52,061	152,383	60,458	72,899	50,492	-1,569	-3.0
Mass of notified product (kg)
Ash	x	x	x	x	0	z	z
Oak	x	x	x	x	5,663	z	z
Total	x	x	x	x	5,663	z	z

Notes:

1. (B) signifies a break within the time sequence
2. x signifies information should not accessible.
3. z signifies information should not relevant.
4. Data are monetary 12 months.
5. EU plant well being regulation and official controls regulation had been applied within the EU and the UK on 14th December 2019.
6. Following the UKs exit from the EU, GB particular laws has been launched and there was a phasing in of plant well being controls. From January 2021 all regulated and notifiable excessive precedence crops and plant merchandise imported from the EU have been topic to plant well being controls. Additionally, some commodities have been deregulated.
7. Source: Forestry Commission.

Ash from all third nations grew to become managed 2021, previous to this, ash originating in Canada, China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Taiwan, Europe and the USA was managed. Oak originating in Canada, China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey, Taiwan, USA and Vietnam is managed.

• Oak and Ash accounted for 76.0% of all managed hardwood consignments in 2020/21, having decreased from 93.0% in 2017/18. These two species accounted for 73.8% of the amount of managed hardwood in 2021/22, a rise from 62.4% in 2017/18.
• Both the variety of oak consignments and the related quantity decreased over the time interval with 84 fewer consignments and three,437mm³ much less materials in 2021/22 in comparison with 2017/18.
• Oak accounted for 80.5% of managed consignments of ash and oak, and 75.4% of the amount of fabric in 2021/22, a lower of 1.9 proportion factors in consignments and 4.3 proportion factors for quantity since 2017/18.

Glossary

Commodity:

A kind of plant, plant product, or different article being moved for commerce or different function [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001]

Consignment:

A amount of crops, plant merchandise or different articles being moved from one nation to a different and coated, when required, by a single phytosanitary certificates (a consignment could also be composed of a number of commodities or heaps) [FAO, 1990; revised ICPM, 2001]. For PHSI information a consignment is a commodity sort declared on a phytosanitary certificates. Some phytosanitary certificates will cowl multiple commodity sort and so the variety of consignments declared can be greater than the variety of phytosanitary certificates.

Controlled plant merchandise:

Plants and plant commodities that are required to bear checks for pest and illness on crossing a customs border. For nations throughout the European Union (EU) this implies upon entry to the EU whereas for nations.

Country of origin:

Country the place the crops had been grown [FAO, 1990; revised CEPM, 1996; CEPM, 1999]

Customs declaration:

An official doc that lists and provides particulars of products which are being imported or exported. In authorized phrases, a customs declaration is the act whereby an individual signifies the want to place items beneath a given customs process. This authorized process is described within the Union Customs Code (UCC) (Articles 5 (12) and 158 to 187).

Exports (HMRC commerce information):

The nation of vacation spot as declared on the time of export. However, the place items may be traded whereas in transit (e.g., grain and crude oil), this may occasionally not essentially be the ultimate vacation spot of the products.

Food and crops:

Commodities traded for the first function of human consumption.

Forestry:

Timber and wooden commodities however not reside timber.

Fruit:

The candy and fleshy product of a tree or different plant that incorporates seed and may be eaten as meals.

Hardwood:

Timber from broadleaved timber.

Imports (HMRC commerce information):28

The nation from which the products had been initially dispatched to the UK with none business transaction in any intermediate nation (both with or with out breaking bulk in the middle of transport). This will not be essentially the nation of origin, manufacture or the final nation from which the products had been shipped to the UK.

Inspection:

Official visible examination of crops, plant merchandise or different regulated articles to find out if pests are current or to find out compliance with phytosanitary laws [FAO, 1990; revised FAO, 1995; formerly “inspect”].

Non-EU European nations:

Countries outdoors of the European Union however geographically a part of Europe.

‘Other’ commodities:

Plants and elements of crops (together with seeds and fruits) used primarily in perfumery or pharmacy or for insecticidal, fungicidal or comparable functions.

Phytosanitary certificates:

An official paper doc or its official digital equal, in keeping with the mannequin certificates of the IPPC, testifying {that a} consignment meets phytosanitary import necessities [FAO, 1990; revised CPM, 2012]

Plants and plant commodities:

Goods together with crops, timber, bulbs, seeds, fruit, greens and timber. Commodities are included if they’re (1) uncooked plant merchandise or (2) merely processed, i.e., processed in a way that will not, in principle, take away the pest and illness threat.

Plants and planting materials:

Live or dormant crops, seeds, bulbs or tubers of crops and timber and minimize flowers.

Simple processing:

Simple processing can embrace peeling, grinding, chopping and debarking however excludes cooking, fermenting and preservation in liquid. For additional info please see International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures; ISPM No. 32; Categorisation of commodities in accordance with their pest threat (2009).

Softwood:

Timber from coniferous timber.

Vegetable:

A plant or a part of a plant used as meals, comparable to a cabbage, potato, turnip, or bean.